Advanced data cell resource mapping

ABSTRACT

An example method of mapping a plurality of modulation symbols of a plurality of physical layer pipes present in a frame to a resource grid of data cells for the frame is described. The modulation symbols of the plurality of physical layer pipes are represented by a two-dimensional array comprising the modulation symbol values for the plurality of physical layer pipes and the resource grid of data cells is represented by a one-dimensional sequentially indexed array.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.17/248,782 filed on Feb. 8, 2021, which is a continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 16/705,746 filed on Dec. 6, 2019, which is acontinuation of Ser. No. 16/121,095 filed on Sep. 4, 2018, which is acontinuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/094,193 filed onApr. 8, 2016, which claims benefit of U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 62/144,558 filed on Apr. 8, 2015, all of which areincorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

FIELD OF DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure relates to the field of wireless communication,and more particularly, to an advanced data cell resource mapping methodand algorithm.

BACKGROUND

Utilization of the broadcast spectrum is changing and moving away from amonolithic model in which single types of content, such as televisionbroadcast signals, were broadcast in the spectrum to a multicastingmodel in which multiple types of content and services are broadcastsimultaneously. In order to achieve such diverse utilization of thebroadcast spectrum, data must be multiplexed into a signal and mapped tospecific physical resources within the transmitted signal.

FIG. 1 illustrates an overview of the process 100 for generating anOrthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexed (OFDM) transmitted signal atthe physical layer. Data in the form of information bits belonging toone or more Physical Layer Pipes PLP1 through PLPn (hereinafter referredto as “PLP”) 102 arrives. It should be appreciated that each PLP 102carries data associated with a particular service. For example, a PLP102 may carry data associated with a television program, the videostream for a program, the audio stream for a program, closed-captioninformation, or data associated with other suitable types of services.

The data belonging to each PLP 102 is sent through Forward ErrorCorrection (“FEC”) 103 coding, such as Low Density Parity Check (“LDPC”)coding or turbo coding. The coded bits are used to modulate 104 aconstellation symbol using a modulation approach such as QuadraturePhase Shift Keying (“QPSK”), for example. Time interleaving 106 mayoptionally be applied to the modulation symbols.

The resulting modulation symbols from one or multiple PLPs 102 are thenmapped 108 to specific resources or data cells within a block ofresources. Such a block of resources may be termed as a frame, as apartition within a frame, or as a sub-frame within a frame.Specifically, a partition can be thought of as a subset of resourceswithin a frame, with a frame containing one or more partitions. Theblock of resources can be represented as a logical grid 200 of datacells with dimensions in both time and frequency domains, as illustratedin FIG. 2 . For example, each data cell 202 can carry one modulationsymbol while each column 204 of data cells belongs to one OFDM symbol.

Referring back to FIG. 1 , the data cells belonging to each OFDM symbolmay undergo optional frequency interleaving 110 on a per OFDM symbolbasis in order to improve frequency diversity. Scattered pilot, edgepilot, and/or continual pilot values are inserted 112 at appropriatelocations within each OFDM symbol to assist with channel estimation andcarrier tracking at a receiver. The resulting multiplexed data and pilotcells then undergo an Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (“IFFT”) 114 on aper OFDM symbol basis. Peak to Average Power Ratio (“PAPR”) reductiontechniques 116 may optionally be applied to the resulting signal.Finally, a Guard Interval (“GI”) or cyclic prefix is prepended 118 tothe time-domain samples for each OFDM symbol.

It should be appreciated that are three types of OFDM symbols. At thebeginning of each frame or partition, zero or more OFDM symbols carryingpreamble signaling may be present. Preamble signaling containsinformation about how PLPs are encoded, modulated, and mapped toresources within the transmitted signaling. These are followed by one ormore data OFDM symbols. An optional frame or partition closing symbolmay be present as the final OFDM symbol of a frame or partition.

Each of the three types of OFDM symbols, if present, may carry one ormore data cells if space is available. The number of data cells per OFDMsymbol is constant within a particular type of OFDM symbol. Conversely,the number of data cells per OFDM symbol may be different when comparingtwo different types of OFDM symbol.

A linear one-dimensional logical addressing scheme, such as theaddressing scheme 300 used in the DVB-T2 standard and illustrated inFIG. 3 , has been commonly used to facilitate the mapping 108 oraddressing of PLPs to specific data cells within blocks described. Asillustrated, N_(S) ^(P) represents the number of OFDM symbols carryingpreamble signaling and available to carry payload data (N_(S) ^(P)≥0),N_(S) ^(D) represents the number of OFDM symbols carrying normal data(N_(S) ^(P)≥1), N_(S) ^(C) represents the number of frame closingsymbols that are present (0≤N_(S) ^(C)≤1), N_(C) ^(P) represents thenumber of data cells carried in preamble OFDM symbols if such OFDMsymbols are present and available to carry payload data, N_(C) ^(D)represents the number of data cells carried per normal data OFDM symbol,and N_(C) ^(C) represents the number of data cells carried in the frameclosing symbol if a frame closing symbol is present. Logical indexing ofthe data cells begins with the first available data cell of the firstOFDM symbol belonging to the frame or partition, and then continues onwith the remaining data cells of the same OFDM symbol. After all of thedata cells belonging to an OFDM symbol have been indexed, indexing movesto the first data cell of the next OFDM symbol. It should be appreciatedthat the frame or partition closing symbol, if present, generallycontains fewer data cells than a normal data OFDM symbol due to theframe closing symbol carrying more pilots.

It should be appreciated that in DVB-T2, PLPs are classified as eitherType-1 or Type-2 PLPs. Data cells belonging to a Type-1 PLP are allcontiguous in terms of logical data cell addresses. In particular, allType-1 PLPs contained in a particular frame or partition are mapped todata cells starting at the beginning of the frame or partition. All ofthe Type-1 PLPs are mapped to contiguous blocks of data cells before anyof the Type-2 PLPs are mapped to data cells. That is, the logicaladdresses of all of the data cells belonging to all of the Type-1 PLPspresent in a frame or partition have a lower logical address value thanany of the data cells belonging to any of the Type-2 PLPs present in thesame frame or partition.

The data cells belonging to a Type-2 PLP, on the other hand, are not allcontiguous in terms of logical data cell addresses. Rather, a techniquecalled sub-slicing is used to divide each Type-2 PLP into a set ofequal-sized sub-slices, where each sub-slice consists of a set ofcontiguously-addressed data cells. For example, a Type-2 PLP with atotal size of 1000 data cells might be divided into ten (10) sub-slices,with each sub-slice consisting of 100 contiguously-addressed data cells.However, the logical address locations of the ten (10) sub-slices wouldnot represent ten (10) contiguous blocks of addresses but the ten (10)blocks would instead be distributed throughout the frame or partition.

In DVB-T2, sub-slices from multiple Type-2 PLPs are interleaved witheach other. That is, the first sub-slice of the first Type-2 PLP willappear, the first sub-slice of the second Type-2 PLP will then appear,and so on with all of the first sub-slices of all of the Type-2 PLPspresent in a frame or partition. Following this collection of firstsub-slices, the second sub-slice of the first Type-2 PLP will appear,the second sub-slice of the second Type-2 PLP will appear, and so on.This continues until all rounds of sub-slices have been completed.

In DVB-T2, a super-frame is defined as a group of multiple contiguousin-time frames. The values of certain control signaling fields areconstrained to remain fixed over the duration of a super-frame.

In order to facilitate resource mapping, the DVB-T2 standard includescontrol signaling in a preamble which is located at the beginning ofeach frame. Relevant portions of this preamble include the L1-Postsignaling, which carries the bulk of the control signaling describingthe contents of each frame and of the overall super-frame. The L1-Postis itself divided into several parts, including a configurable portionand a dynamic portion. Control signaling contained in the configurablepart of the L1-Post is constrained to remain static or fixed over theduration of a super-frame while control signaling contained in thedynamic part of the L1-Post may vary from one frame to another withinthe same super-frame.

It should be appreciated, however, that although the DVB-T2 standard maybe adequate for use in example systems that only send a single type ofservice or data such as TV broadcasting program, since there is no needto change parameters often, the DVB-T2 standard is not flexible. Rather,the standard is restrictive in terms of options available for mapping todata cells and ability to change parameters often. In particular, theDVB-T2 standard imposes the following constraints: (1) a given PLP isconstrained to only be a Type-1 or Type-2 PLP but the PLP cannot switchbetween the two types, which limits diversity; (2) all Type-1 PLPs mustoccur before any Type-2 PLP within the same frame; (3) Type-2 PLPs arelimited in size to between 2 and 6480 sub-slices per frame; (4) the samenumber of sub-slices per frame must be used for all frames within asuper-frame; (5) the same sub-slice interval, which indicates the numberof data cells from the start of one sub-slice of a Type-2 PLP to thestart of the next sub-slice of the same PLP within the current frame,must be used for all Type-2 PLPs present within the same frame; (6) allType-2 PLPs within a given frame must have the same number ofsub-slices; and (7) all Type-2 PLPs must have their first sub-sliceoccur before the second sub-slice of any Type-2 PLP occurs.

Thus, the DVB-T2 standard may be overly restrictive and thereforeinadequate if implemented by a system, such as an ATSC 3.0 broadcastsystem, wherein PLPs associated with a variety of types of services maybe intended to be multiplexed and broadcast via a single frame.

SUMMARY

An example method of mapping a plurality of modulation symbols of aplurality of physical layer pipes present in a frame to a resource gridof data cells for the frame is described. The modulation symbols of theplurality of physical layer pipes are represented by a two-dimensionalarray comprising the modulation symbol values for the plurality ofphysical layer pipes and the resource grid of data cells is representedby a one-dimensional sequentially indexed array. The method includes thestep of determining whether a current physical layer pipe of theplurality of physical layer pipes is dispersed or non-dispersed. Themethod further includes the step of, responsive to determining that thecurrent physical layer pipe is non-dispersed, populating a nextavailable position of the one-dimensional array with a first modulationsymbol value of the current physical layer pipe from the two-dimensionalarray, wherein the step is repeated for all modulation symbol values ofthe current physical layer pipe. The method further includes the stepof, responsive to determining that the current physical layer pipe isdispersed, calculating a sub-slice size for the current physical layerpipe by dividing the size of the physical layer pipe with the number ofslices in the current physical layer pipe, and populating a nextavailable position of the one-dimensional array with a first modulationsymbol value of a current sub-slice of the current physical layer pipefrom the two-dimensional array, wherein the step is repeated for allmodulation symbol values of the current sub-slice and for all sub-slicesof the current physical layer pipe. The steps of the method are repeatedfor all of the plurality of physical payer pipes in the present frame.

An example computer program product for mapping a plurality ofmodulation symbols of a plurality of physical layer pipes present in aframe to a resource grid of data cells for the frame is described. Themodulation symbols of the plurality of physical layer pipes arerepresented by a two-dimensional array comprising the modulation symbolvalues for the plurality of physical layer pipes and the resource gridof data cells is represented by a one-dimensional sequentially indexedarray. The computer program product includes one or morecomputer-readable tangible storage devices, and program instructionsstored on at least one of the one or more storage devices. The programinstructions include first program instructions for determining whethera current physical layer pipe of the plurality of physical layer pipesis dispersed or non-dispersed. The program instructions further includesecond program instructions for, responsive to the first programinstructions determining that the current physical layer pipe isnon-dispersed, populating a next available position of theone-dimensional array with a first modulation symbol value of thecurrent physical layer pipe from the two-dimensional array. The secondprogram instructions are configured to execute for all modulation symbolvalues of the current physical layer pipe. The program instructionsfurther include third program instructions for, responsive to the firstprogram instructions determining that the current physical layer pipe isdispersed, calculating a sub-slice size for the current physical layerpipe by dividing the size of the physical layer pipe with the number ofsub-slices in the current physical layer pipe, and populating a nextavailable position of the one-dimensional array with a first modulationsymbol value of a current sub-slice of the current physical layer pipefrom the two-dimensional array. The third program instructions areconfigured to execute for all modulation symbol values of the currentsub-slice and for all sub-slices of the current physical layer pipe.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the accompanying drawings, structures are illustrated that, togetherwith the detailed description provided below, describe exemplaryembodiments of the claimed invention. Like elements are identified withthe same reference numerals. It should be understood that elements shownas a single component may be replaced with multiple components, andelements shown as multiple components may be replaced with a singlecomponent. The drawings are not to scale and the proportion of certainelements may be exaggerated for the purpose of illustration.

FIG. 1 illustrates an overview of an example process for generating anOrthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexed transmitted signal at thephysical layer.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example logical grid of data cells.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example addressing scheme.

FIG. 4 illustrates an enhanced resource mapping method.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example data cell resource grid.

FIG. 6 illustrates an example PLP mapping.

FIG. 7 illustrates another example PLP mapping.

FIG. 8 illustrates another example PLP mapping.

FIG. 9 illustrates another example PLP mapping.

FIG. 10 illustrates another example PLP mapping.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

An enhanced resource mapping method and algorithm is described herein,relaxing the restrictive constraints imposed by the DVB-T2 standard,thereby resulting in increased flexibility with respect to the way PLPscan be multiplexed into a single frame for broadcast. In particular, themethod and algorithm described herein provides support for increasedthree-dimensional flexibility including frequency division multiplexing,time division multiplexing, and layered division multiplexing. Suchflexibility enables broadcasting of multiple types of information orservices in one frame while optimizing parameters for each service.

In addition, having flexible frame sizes, rather than being restrictedto a single frame size within a super-frame as in DVB-T2, may beadvantageous in that it may be desirable to use different frame sizesfor different types of data broadcasts. For example, it may be desirableto transmit intermittent small bits of information, such as when sendingIoT data, instead of always sending the same larger size frames of data.In another example, it may be desirable to use larger frame sizing for ahigh resolution TV signal while it may be desirable to use smaller framesizing for a low resolution TV signal.

Also, the ability to map a particular PLP to a particular time frequencyregion of the overall frame, as will be described, may be desirable andbeneficial. For example, a specific narrow frequency band may bedesignated to send a type of service to a special type of receiver thatcan only pick up that particular narrow band. Since the device mayreside in a fixed area of a frequency band and may be designed to do onevery simple thing like picking up information sent in that frequencyband, the device may be cost effective and consume low power.

It should be appreciated that the ability to map a particular PLP to aparticular time frequency region of the overall frame is not only usefulin dividing a band into sub bands, but also for channel bonding where aPLP is transmitted over multiple RF channels.

It should be further appreciated that such flexibility in data cellresource mapping may allow for carving out unused areas of a band. Forexample, a region of a band may be selected to be empty so that theregion may be used to support two-way communication. It should beappreciated though that the uplink communication may be performedthrough means other than broadcast, which may need an empty frequencythrough which to communicate. Thus, parts of a band could be blanked outor reserved to allow for other communications to prevail withoutinterference. This can also be used to mitigate interference. Forexample, in the case of adjacent channel interference, data could bemoved to a region with nulled out or reserved frequency bands.

In order to achieve such flexibility, the enhanced resource mappingmethod implements control signaling fields that alleviate the previouslydescribed restrictions imposed by the existing DVB-T2 standard. On aper-PLP basis within each frame or partition, the control signalingfields could be used to signal the resource mappings as describedherein. That is, for each PLP that is present within a particular frameor partition, the signaling fields would be used to describe theresource mapping for that particular PLP. Described herein aredescriptions of how the seven (7) previously noted constraints areaddressed in the enhanced resource mapping method using controlsignaling, including PLP_SIZE, PLP_TYPE, STARTING_POSITION,NUM_SUB_SLICES, and SUB_SLICE_INTERVAL signaling fields.

Switching a PLP Type

The enhanced resource mapping method includes assigning PLPs to beeither non-dispersed, meaning no sub-slicing and all data cellsbelonging to the PLP are logically contiguous, or to be dispersed,meaning sub-slicing is present and not all data cells belonging to thePLP are logically contiguous. This assignment is only for the currentframe or partition, however, and therefore a PLP could be non-dispersedin one frame or partition, and dispersed in the next frame or partition.It should be appreciated that the classification between non-dispersedand dispersed PLPs may solely be for reasons of control signalingefficiency since a non-dispersed PLP does not require as many signalingfields to describe its resource mapping as does a dispersed PLP.

Assigning the PLPs is accomplished using a PLP_TYPE signal whichindicates whether the current PLP is non-dispersed or dispersed. Forexample, PLP_TYPE may be a single bit wherein PLP_TYPE=1 may indicatethat the PLP is dispersed while PLP_TYPE=0 may indicate that the PLP isnon-dispersed.

It should be appreciated that since PLP_TYPE is signaled for each PLPwithin a given sub-frame, and is not constrained to be the same for agiven PLP from one sub-frame to another, as is the case in DVB-T2, a PLPcan thus switch types between sub-frames.

It should be appreciated that the PLP_TYPE field is explicitly presentin the ATSC 3.0 Physical Layer standard as L1D_plp_type and is a 1-bitfield. L1D_plp_type is signaled per PLP within each sub-frame but is notincluded for Enhanced PLPs when Layered-Division Multiplexing is used.Rather, an Enhanced PLP automatically takes the same PLP type as theCore PLP(s) with which it is Layered-Division Multiplexed.

Relative Positioning of PLPs Within a Sub-Frame

The enhanced resource mapping method eliminates the constraint on therelative positioning of non-dispersed and dispersed PLPs present withinthe same frame or partition. This is accomplished using aSTARTING_POSITION signal which can refer to a location anywhere within asub-frame, regardless of the value of PLP_TYPE for that same PLP. Itindicates the index of the data cell corresponding to the first datacell of the first sub-slice of the current PLP. In one example, theSTARTING_POSITION signaling field is 24 bits long. It should beappreciated that the STARTING_POSITION signaling field is signaled perPLP within each sub-frame. Thus, a PLP may start anywhere within thecurrent frame or partition and therefore relative positioning within asub-frame is not restrained.

It should be appreciated that the STARTING_POSITION field is explicitlypresent in the ATSC 3.0 Physical Layer standard as L1D_plp_start and isa 24-bit field. L1D_plp_start is signaled per PLP within each sub-frame.

Number of Sub-Slices Per Frame

The enhanced resource mapping method eliminates the constraint on thenumber of sub-slices per frame allowed for a Type-2 PLP. Rather thanlimiting the number of sub-slices per frame to 6480, as does the DVB-T2standard, the enhanced resource mapping method enables a particular PLPto have a number of sub-slices ranging from two (2) up to the actuallength of the PLP as measured in data cells, which could conceivably bemuch larger than 6480. This is accomplished using a NUM_SUB_SLICESsignaling field which indicates the number of sub-slices used for thecurrent PLP within the current frame or partition. It should beappreciated that this signal is only required when the associated PLP isa dispersed type.

In one example, NUM_SUB_SLICES=1 shall indicate that sub-slicing is notapplied to the current PLP. In one example, NUM_SUB_SLICES=0 shall be areserved value. It should be appreciated that NUM_SUB_SLICES shall beset on a per-PLP basis and shall not be constrained to be the same forall PLPs within a given partition.

It should be appreciated that when a PLP has the maximum number ofsub-slices, which would be the length of the PLP, the resultingsub-slice size would be 1.

In one example, the length of the PLP, which sets the maximum possiblevalue of NUM_SUB_SLICES, is defined by a PLP_SIZE signal which indicatesthe number of data cells allocated to the current PLP within the currentframe or partition. In other words, PLP_SIZE is constrained to be aninteger multiple of NUM_SUB_SLICES for the current PLP. It should beappreciated that this may include padding cells if required.Equivalently, PLP_SIZE corresponds to the number of modulation symbols,including any modulation symbols used for padding purposes, belonging tothe current PLP within the current frame.

It should be appreciated that it may also be possible to calculatePLP_SIZE from other parameters that might be signaled or otherwiseknown, such as a code block size, modulation level, and number of codeblocks belonging to the current PLP within the current frame orpartition.

It should be further appreciated that dividing PLP_SIZE byNUM_SUB_SLICES gives the number of data cells per sub-slice for thecurrent PLP. Thus, one alternative would be to signal the number of datacells per sub-slice (e.g. SUB_SLICE_SIZE) for the current PLP, and thenthe number of sub-slices for the current PLP could be calculated bydividing PLP_SIZE by SUB_SLICE_SIZE.

In one example, a possible size for the NUM_SUB_SLICES signaling fieldis 24 bits if sub-slice interleaving on a data-cell-by-data-cell basisis desired. Alternatively a smaller number of bits could be used forthis signaling field if a larger minimum unit of granularity forsub-slice size is desired.

It should be appreciated that the NUM_SUB_SLICES field is explicitlypresent in the ATSC 3.0 Physical Layer standard as L1D_plp_num_subslicesand is a 14-bit field. L1D_plp_num_subslices signals one less than theactual number of sub-slices, and can therefore signal a maximum of 16384subslices for the corresponding PLP. L1D_plp_num_subslices is signaledfor each dispersed PLP within each sub-frame.

Varying Sub-Slicing Parameters

The enhanced resource mapping method eliminates the constraint on thenumber of sub-slices per frame used for all frames within a super-frame.Instead of requiring the same number of sub-slices per frame to be usedfor all frames within a super-frame, sub-slicing parameters may vary ona frame-by-frame basis. This is again facilitated by the NUM_SUB_SLICESsignaling field which is signaled for each dispersed PLP within eachsub-frame, and can thus vary on a sub-frame-by-sub-frame basis.

Interval Between Successive Sub-Slices

In contrast to the DVB-T2 standard which constrains the interval betweensuccessive sub-slices of a given PLP to be the same value for all PLPswithin the same frame, the enhanced resource mapping method enables theinterval between successive sub-slices of a given PLP to be set on a perPLP basis rather than on a per frame basis. Hence, different PLPspresent within the same frame may use different sub-slice intervals.This is accomplished using a SUB_SLICE_INTERVAL signaling field whichindicates the number of sequentially-indexed data cells measured fromthe beginning of a sub-slice for a PLP to the beginning of the nextsub-slice for the same PLP. The SUB_SLICE_INTERVAL signaling field issignaled for each dispersed PLP within each sub-frame. It should beappreciated that the SUB_SLICE_INTERVAL signaling field is only requiredwhen the associated PLP is a dispersed type.

The SUB_SLICE_INTERVAL signal may be used in combination with aSTARTING_POSITION signaling field, which indicates the index of the datacell corresponding to the first data cell of the first sub-slice of thecurrent PLP. For example, if STARTING_POSITION=100 andSUB_SLICE_INTERVAL=250, then the first data cell of the first sub-sliceof the current PLP would be located at index 100, and the first datacell of the second sub-slice of the current PLP would be located atindex 100+250=350.

It should be appreciated that STARTING_POSITION is signaled per PLPwithin each sub-frame, and therefore a PLP may start anywhere within thecurrent frame or partition. In one example, the STARTING_POSITIONsignaling field is 24 bits. In one example, the SUB_SLICE_INTERVALsignaling field is 24 bits.

It should be appreciated that the SUB_SLICE_INTERVAL field is explicitlypresent in the ATSC 3.0 Physical Layer standard asL1D_plp_subslice_interval and is a 24-bit field.L1D_plp_subslice_interval is signaled for each dispersed PLP within eachsub-frame.

Sub-Slicing of Different PLPs

The enhanced resource mapping method eliminates the constraint on thenumber of sub-slices different PLPs can have within the same frame, asdoes the DVB-T2 standard. This is facilitated, again by theNUM_SUB_SLICES signaling field which is signaled for each dispersed PLPwithin each sub-frame, and thus different dispersed PLPs within the samesub-frame can have different number of sub-slices.

PLP Starting Position and Interleaving

The enhanced resource mapping method eliminates the constraint on thestarting position of a PLP relative to another PLP within the samesub-frame which is imposed by the DVB-T2 standard. Instead, because theSTARTING_POSITION signaling field is signaled per PLP within eachsub-frame, a PLP can begin anywhere in the frame or partition, and thereare no restrictions forcing sub-slices of different PLPs to necessarilybe fully or partially interleaved with each other.

It should be appreciated that relaxing the constraints using thesignaling fields as described provides much greater flexibility whenmultiplexing and/or interleaving a larger number of PLPs together withina single frame or partition. It should be further appreciated that,although a number of the resource mapping constraints have been relaxedas described above, it may be important to ensure that resource mappingparameters are configured such that there are no collisions between theresource mappings of different PLPs present within the same frame orpartition.

In one example, the enhanced resource mapping method may include anadditional signaling field in order to reduce the total number ofrequired control signaling bits. In particular, a SUB_SLICE_FLAGsignaling field indicates whether the next control signaling field thatis included is NUM_SUB_SLICES or SUB_SLICE_SIZE. The SUB_SLICE_FLAGsignaling field is a 1-bit field set to either 0 or 1. For example,SUB_SLICE_FLAG=0 may indicate that NUM_SUB_SLICES is included as asignaling field and SUB_SLICE_SIZE is not included. SUB_SLICE_SIZE canthen be calculated by dividing PLP_SIZE by NUM_SUB_SLICES. This optioncan be used, for example, when the desired resource mapping for thecurrent PLP is such that NUM_SUB_SLICES≤SUB_SLICE_SIZE.SUB_SLICE_FLAG=1, on the other hand, may indicate that SUB_SLICE_SIZE isincluded as a signaling field and NUM_SUB_SLICES is not included.NUM_SUB_SLICES can then be calculated by dividing PLP_SIZE bySUB_SLICE_SIZE. This option can be used, for example, when the desiredresource mapping for the current PLP is such thatNUM_SUB_SLICES>SUB_SLICE_SIZE. Thus, the other control signaling fieldspreviously described (i.e. NUM_SUB_SLICES or SUB_SLICE_SIZE) can bedefined to be smaller while still retaining the full equivalentfunctionality as the case of configuring those fields as 24-bitsignaling fields.

The enhanced resource mapping method 400 is further described in FIG. 4. It should be appreciated that the steps of the method describedherein, although may refer to a single PLP, are repeated for each PLP(with index p) present in a current frame or partition. At step 402, thetype of PLP is determined by examining the PLP_TYPE signal. Inparticular, the PLP_TYPE may be determined to be either non-dispersed ordispersed. If the PLP_TYPE is determined at 402 to be non-dispersed, afirst modulation symbol value of the PLP is mapped to a data cell at404. Mapping is performed using the following equation:

DATA_CELLS [STARTING_POSITION[p]+k]=PLP_DATA[p][k]  Equ(1)

where DATA_CELLS is a one-dimensional array representing thetime-frequency grid of data cell resources for the current frame orpartition and is referenced using the one-dimensional logical addressingscheme and where PLP_DATA is a two-dimensional array containing themodulation symbol values for all of the PLPs present in the currentframe or partition. The symbol value mapping 404 is repeated at 406 fromk=0 to PLP_SIZE−1. In other words, the mapping 404 is repeated 406 forall of the modulation symbols belonging to a current PLP.

If the PLP_TYPE is determined at 402 to be dispersed, the SUB_SLICE_SIZEfor a particular PLP is calculated at 408 by dividing the PLP_SIZE ofthe PLP by the NUM_SUB_SLICES for the PLP. This is represented by:

SUB_SLICE_SIZE=PLP_SIZE[p]/NUM_SUB_SLICES[p]  EQU(2)

The modulation symbols of the PLP are then mapped to data cells at 410based on the following equation:

DATA_CELLS[j]=PLP_DATA[p][k]  Equ(3)

where j is represented by:

j=STARTING_POSITION[p]+n*SUB_SLICE_INTERVAL[p]+m   Equ(4)

The symbol value mapping 410 is repeated at 412 from m=0 toSUB_SLICE_SIZE−1. In other words, the mapping 410 is repeated 412 forall of the modulation symbols belonging to a current sub-slice of acurrent PLP. This is also repeated at 414 from n=0 toNUM_SUB_SLICES[p]−1. In other words, the mapping 410 for all modulationsymbols belonging to a current sub-slice of a current PLP is alsorepeated at 414 for all sub-slices of the current PLP. It should beappreciated that the value ‘k’ referenced in Equ(3) is incremented aftereach symbol value mapping at 410 to keep track of the location of thecurrent modulation symbol being mapped as the algorithm moves throughand maps all of the modulation symbols of the PLP_DATA array.

The example enhanced resource mapping method 400 is further illustratedvia examples described herein.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example data cell resource grid 500 measuring ten(10) data cells in frequency by 26 data cells (or OFDM symbols) in time.The logical addresses for all 260 data cells are as shown in the diagramand range from 000 to 259. This example data cell resource grid is usedin the following example PLP mappings.

Table 1 lists example parameters for an example PLP mapping. Thisexample includes six (6) PLPs, A through F.

TABLE 1 Example Parameters For An Example PLP Mapping PLP ID PLP_SIZEPLP_TYPE STARTING_POSITION NUM_SUB_SLICES SUB_SLICE_INTERVAL A 10Non-dispersed 000 n/a n/a B 10 Non-dispersed 010 n/a n/a C 80 Dispersed020 20 12 D 60 Dispersed 024 20 12 E 60 Dispersed 027 20 12 F 40Dispersed 030 20 12

FIG. 6 graphically illustrates an example PLP mapping 600 for theexample parameters of Table 1. As illustrated, each data cell islabelled with both the PLP that it belongs to and the index of that datacell within the PLP. For instance, the label “A00” means that the datacell belongs to PLP A and is the first data cell of PLP A. It should beappreciated that this particular example mapping 600 demonstrates thatthe resource mapping algorithm described can achieve equal capability tothe existing DVB-T2 resource mapping algorithm. As can be seen from FIG.6 , there are two non-dispersed, or Type-1, PLPs identified as A and Blocated at the beginning of the frame or partition, followed by fourdispersed, or Type-2, PLPs identified as C, D, E and F in the remainderof the frame or partition. Each of the four dispersed PLPs consists of20 sub-slices, and each of these four PLPs has an equal sub-sliceinterval or periodicity.

Table 2 lists example parameters for another example PLP mapping. Thisexample includes four PLPs, A through D.

TABLE 2 Example Parameters For An Example PLP Mapping PLP ID PLP_SIZEPLP_TYPE STARTING_POSITION NUM_SUB_SLICES SUB_SLICE_INTERVAL A 65Dispersed 000 65 4 B 65 Dispersed 001 65 4 C 65 Dispersed 002 65 4 D 65Dispersed 003 65 4

FIG. 7 graphically illustrates an example PLP mapping 700 for theexample parameters of Table 2. It should be appreciated that thisparticular example mapping 700 demonstrates the ability to interleavemultiple PLPs in both time and frequency on a data cell by data cellbasis. This yields the maximum time and frequency diversity by spreadingeach PLP across the full bandwidth and the full frame length.

Table 3 lists example parameters for another example PLP mapping. Thisexample includes six (6) PLPs, A through F.

TABLE 3 Example Parameters For An Example PLP Mapping PLP ID PLP_SIZEPLP_TYPE STARTING_POSITION NUM_SUB_SLICES SUB_SLICE_INTERVAL A 80Dispersed 000 20 13 B 30 Dispersed 004 10 26 C 100 Dispersed 007 20 13 D10 Dispersed 012 10 26 E 30 Dispersed 017 10 26 F 10 Dispersed 025 10 26

FIG. 8 graphically illustrates an example PLP mapping 800 for theexample parameters of Table 3. It should be appreciated that thisparticular example mapping 800 demonstrates the ability to mix orinterleave PLPs with different periodicities or sub-slice intervals. Asillustrated, the two largest PLPs identified as A and C each consists of20 sub-slices and have a sub-slice interval of 13. The four smallestPLPs identified as B, D, E and F are essentially interleaved with eachother. Thus B and E are mutually interleaved, as are D and F. Each ofthese smaller PLPs consists of only ten (10) sub-slices and has asub-slice interval of 26, which is twice that of the two larger PLPs Aand C.

Table 4 lists the parameters for another example PLP mapping. Thisexample includes eight PLPs, A through H.

TABLE 4 Example Parameters For An Example PLP Mapping PLP ID PLP_SIZEPLP_TYPE STARTING_POSITION NUM_SUB_SLICES SUB_SLICE_INTERVAL A 10Non-dispersed 000 n/a n/a B 80 Dispersed 010 20 12 C 30 Dispersed 014 1012 D 60 Dispersed 017 20 12 E 8 Dispersed 020  4 12 F 32 Dispersed 06816 12 G 30 Dispersed 134 10 12 H 10 Non-dispersed 250 n/a n/a

FIG. 9 graphically illustrates an example PLP mapping 900 for theexample parameters of Table 4. It should be appreciated that thisparticular example mapping 900 demonstrates both a mix of non-dispersedPLPS, identified as A and H, and dispersed PLPs, identified as B, C, D,E, F and G. In addition, the example mapping 900 demonstrates PLPsconsisting of different numbers of sub-slices and initial startpositions at different relative locations within the frame or partition.With respect to the latter characteristic, dispersed PLPs B, C, D and Estart near the beginning of the frame or partition, while dispersed PLPsF and G begin approximately one-quarter and one-half of the way throughthe frame or partition, respectively.

Table 5 lists the parameters for another example PLP mapping. Thisexample includes six (6) PLPs, A through F.

TABLE 5 Example Parameters For An Example PLP Mapping PLP ID PLP_SIZEPLP_TYPE STARTING_POSITION NUM_SUB_SLICES SUB_SLICE_INTERVAL A 52Dispersed 000 26 10 B 39 Dispersed 002 13 10 C 26 Dispersed 005 26 10 D16 Dispersed 006 4 10 E 88 Dispersed 046 22 10 F 39 Dispersed 132 13 10

FIG. 10 graphically illustrates an example PLP mapping 1000 for theexample parameters of Table 5. This particular example mapping 1000demonstrates the capability of time-division multiplexing and/orfrequency-division multiplexing PLPs within the data resource grid. Itshould be appreciated that this is “quasi” frequency-divisionmultiplexing, since scattered pilot insertion may cause the resultingmappings of data cells to OFDM subcarriers to be offset slightly fromone OFDM symbol to another. For example, data cell C09 might map to OFDMsubcarrier k in OFDM symbol m, and data cell C10 might map to OFDMsubcarrier k+1 in OFDM symbol m+1. However, the ability to map aparticular PLP to a particular time-frequency region of the overallframe or partition is still highly beneficial. It should be appreciatedthat optional frequency interleaving 110 would be disabled in order toachieve this frequency-division multiplexing effect. It should beappreciated that, in this example PLP mapping 1000, the six (6) PLPsgenerally have a different number of sub-slices per PLP. However, forfrequency-division multiplexing, the sub-slice interval needs to be setequal to the number of data cells in one OFDM symbol, as is the casehere. Thus, SUB_SLICE_INTERVAL=10 in this example.

It should be appreciated that the enhanced resource mapping methoddescribed herein may be incorporated in and used with the ATSC 3.0digital broadcast standard. However, it should be further appreciatedthat the enhanced resource mapping method and associated signalingfields described may be implemented and expanded in other futurebroadcast standards. For example, it should be appreciated that moreflexibility could be possible by adding more signaling, for example eachdata cell could be signaled separately, but such additional signalingmay be expensive to implement in terms of resources. In addition, itshould be appreciated that a subset of the signaling described may beused to relax a subset of the constraints described without necessarilyutilizing all of the signaling to relax all of the constraints.

Any of the various embodiments described herein may be realized in anyof various forms, e.g., as a computer-implemented method, as acomputer-readable memory medium, as a computer system, etc. A system maybe realized by one or more custom-designed hardware devices such asApplication Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), by one or moreprogrammable hardware elements such as Field Programmable Gate Arrays(FPGAs), by one or more processors executing stored programinstructions, or by any combination of the foregoing.

In some embodiments, a non-transitory computer-readable memory mediummay be configured so that it stores program instructions and/or data,where the program instructions, if executed by a computer system, causethe computer system to perform a method, e.g., any of the methodembodiments described herein, or, any combination of the methodembodiments described herein, or, any subset of any of the methodembodiments described herein, or, any combination of such subsets.

In some embodiments, a computer system may be configured to include aprocessor (or a set of processors) and a memory medium, where the memorymedium stores program instructions, where the processor is configured toread and execute the program instructions from the memory medium, wherethe program instructions are executable to implement any of the variousmethod embodiments described herein (or, any combination of the methodembodiments described herein, or, any subset of any of the methodembodiments described herein, or, any combination of such subsets). Thecomputer system may be realized in any of various forms. For example,the computer system may be a personal computer (in any of its variousrealizations), a workstation, a computer on a card, anapplication-specific computer in a box, a server computer, a clientcomputer, a hand-held device, a mobile device, a wearable computer, asensing device, a television, a video acquisition device, a computerembedded in a living organism, etc. The computer system may include oneor more display devices. Any of the various computational resultsdisclosed herein may be displayed via a display device or otherwisepresented as output via a user interface device.

To the extent that the term “includes” or “including” is used in thespecification or the claims, it is intended to be inclusive in a mannersimilar to the term “comprising” as that term is interpreted whenemployed as a transitional word in a claim. Furthermore, to the extentthat the term “or” is employed (e.g., A or B) it is intended to mean “Aor B or both.” When the applicants intend to indicate “only A or B butnot both” then the term “only A or B but not both” will be employed.Thus, use of the term “or” herein is the inclusive, and not theexclusive use. See, Bryan A. Garner, A Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage624 (2d. Ed. 1995). Also, to the extent that the terms “in” or “into”are used in the specification or the claims, it is intended toadditionally mean “on” or “onto.” Furthermore, to the extent the term“connect” is used in the specification or claims, it is intended to meannot only “directly connected to,” but also “indirectly connected to”such as connected through another component or components.

While the present application has been illustrated by the description ofembodiments thereof, and while the embodiments have been described inconsiderable detail, it is not the intention of the applicants torestrict or in any way limit the scope of the appended claims to suchdetail. Additional advantages and modifications will readily appear tothose skilled in the art. Therefore, the application, in its broaderaspects, is not limited to the specific details, the representativeapparatus and method, and illustrative examples shown and described.Accordingly, departures may be made from such details without departingfrom the spirit or scope of the applicant's general inventive concept.

1. (canceled)
 2. A method of mapping a plurality of modulation symbolsof a plurality of physical layer pipes, the method comprising:receiving, for a first frame comprising a plurality of data cells, firstdata for a first physical layer pipe of the plurality of physical layerpipes; determining, for the first frame, that the first physical layerpipe of the plurality of physical layer pipes is a dispersed physicallayer pipe by examining a control signaling field indicating a type ofthe first physical layer pipe for the first frame; mapping the firstdata for the first physical layer pipe to the first frame based at leastin part on the determining that the first physical layer pipe is adispersed physical layer pipe for the first frame; receiving, for asecond frame comprising a plurality of data cells, second data for thefirst physical layer pipe; determining, for the second frame, that thefirst physical layer pipe is a non-dispersed physical layer pipe byexamining the control signaling field indicating a type of the firstphysical layer pipe for the second frame; and mapping the second datafor the first physical layer pipe to the second frame based at least inpart on the determining that the first physical layer pipe is anon-dispersed physical layer pipe for the second frame, wherein thecontrol signaling field is configured on a frame-by-frame basis toindicate whether the first physical layer pipe is dispersed ornon-dispersed for two or more respective frames.
 3. The method of claim2, further comprising, responsive to the determining that the firstphysical layer pipe is a dispersed physical layer pipe for the firstframe: calculating a sub-slice size for the first physical layer pipe bydividing a size of the first physical layer pipe with a number ofsub-slices of the first physical layer pipe; and determine, for thesecond frame, that the first physical layer pipe is a non-dispersedphysical layer pipe by examining the control signaling field indicatinga type of the first physical layer pipe for the second frame; and mapthe second data for the first physical layer pipe to the second framebased at least in part on the determining that the first physical layerpipe is a non-dispersed physical layer pipe for the second frame,wherein the control signaling field is configured on a frame-by-framebasis to indicate whether the first physical layer pipe is dispersed ornon-dispersed for two or more respective frames.
 15. The transmitter ofclaim 14, wherein the processor is further configured to, responsive tothe determining that the first physical layer pipe is a dispersedphysical layer pipe for the first frame: calculate a sub-slice size forthe first physical layer pipe by dividing a size of the first physicallayer pipe with a number of sub-slices of the first physical layer pipe;and populate a next available data cell of the first frame with a firstmodulation symbol value of a sub-slice of the first physical layer pipe.16. The transmitter of claim 15, wherein the number of sub-slicesassociated with the first physical layer pipe for the first frame isdifferent than a number of sub-slices associated with a second dispersedphysical layer pipe for the first frame.
 17. The transmitter of claim15, wherein a first sub-slice interval between successive sub-slices ofthe first physical layer pipe for the first frame is different than asecond sub-slice interval between successive sub-slices of a seconddispersed physical layer pipe for the first frame.
 18. The transmitterof claim 14, further comprising, responsive to the determining that thefirst physical layer pipe is a non-dispersed physical layer pipe for thesecond frame, determining a starting position in the second frame forthe first physical layer pipe by populating a next available data cellof the first frame with a first modulation symbol value of a sub-sliceof the first physical layer pipe.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein thenumber of sub-slices associated with the first physical layer pipe forthe first frame is different than a number of sub-slices associated witha second dispersed physical layer pipe for the first frame.
 5. Themethod of claim 3, wherein a first sub-slice interval between successivesub-slices of the first physical layer pipe for the first frame isdifferent than a second sub-slice interval between successive sub-slicesof a second dispersed physical layer pipe for the first frame.
 6. Themethod of claim 2, further comprising, responsive to the determiningthat the first physical layer pipe is a non-dispersed physical layerpipe for the second frame, determining a starting position in the firstframe for the first physical layer pipe by examining a second controlsignaling field indicating an index of a data cell of the first famecorresponding to a first data cell to which of the first physical layerpipe is to be mapped.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the startingposition in the second frame for the first physical layer pipe islocated subsequent to a starting position of a dispersed physical layerpipe in the second fame.
 8. A computer-readable storage medium formapping a plurality of modulation symbols of a plurality of physicallayer pipes, the computer-readable storage medium comprising one or morecomputer-readable tangible storage devices, and program instructionsstored on at least one of the one or more storage devices, the programinstructions comprising: first program instructions for receiving, for afirst frame comprising a plurality of data cells, first data for a firstphysical layer pipe of the plurality of physical layer pipes; secondprogram instructions for determining, for the first frame, that thefirst physical layer pipe of the plurality of physical layer pipes is adispersed physical layer pipe by examining a control signaling fieldindicating a type of the first physical layer pipe for the first frame;third program instructions for mapping the first data for the firstphysical layer pipe to the first frame based at least in part on thedetermining that the first physical layer pipe is a dispersed physicallayer pipe for the first frame; fourth program instructions forreceiving, for a second frame comprising a plurality of data cells,second data for the first physical layer pipe; fifth programinstructions for determining, for the second frame, that the firstphysical layer pipe is a non-dispersed physical layer pipe by examiningthe control signaling field indicating a type of the first physicallayer pipe for the second frame; and sixth program instructions formapping the second data for the first physical layer pipe to the secondframe based at least in part on the determining that the first physicallayer pipe is a non-dispersed physical layer pipe for the second frame,wherein the control signaling field is configured on a frame-by-framebasis to indicate whether the first physical layer pipe is dispersed ornon-dispersed for two or more respective frames.
 9. Thecomputer-readable storage medium of claim 8, further comprising seventhprogram instructions for, responsive to the determining that the firstphysical layer pipe is a dispersed physical layer pipe for the firstframe: calculating a sub-slice size for the first physical layer pipe bydividing a size of the first physical layer pipe with a number ofsub-slices of the first physical layer pipe; and populating a nextavailable data cell of the first frame with a first modulation symbolvalue of a sub-slice of the first physical layer pipe.
 10. Thecomputer-readable storage medium of claim 9, wherein the number ofsub-slices associated with the first physical layer pipe for the firstframe is different than a number of sub-slices associated with a seconddispersed physical layer pipe for the first frame.
 11. Thecomputer-readable storage medium of claim 9, wherein a first sub-sliceinterval between successive sub-slices of the first physical layer pipefor the first frame is different than a second sub-slice intervalbetween successive sub-slices of a second dispersed physical layer pipefor the first frame.
 12. The computer-readable storage medium of claim8, further comprising eighth program instructions for, responsive to thedetermining that the first physical layer pipe is a non-dispersedphysical layer pipe for the second frame, determining a startingposition in the second frame for the first physical layer pipe byexamining a second control signaling field indicating an index of a datacell of the second fame corresponding to a first data cell to which ofthe first physical layer pipe is to be mapped.
 13. The computer-readablestorage medium of claim 12, wherein the starting position in the secondframe for the first physical layer pipe is located subsequent to astarting position of a dispersed physical layer pipe in the second fame.14. A transmitter, comprising: a memory that stores instructions; and aprocessor, upon executing the instructions, configured to: receive, fora first frame comprising a plurality of data cells, first data for afirst physical layer pipe of the plurality of physical layer pipes;determine, for the first frame, that the first physical layer pipe ofthe plurality of physical layer pipes is a dispersed physical layer pipeby examining a control signaling field indicating a type of the firstphysical layer pipe for the first frame; map the first data for thefirst physical layer pipe to the first frame based at least in part onthe determining that the first physical layer pipe is a dispersedphysical layer pipe for the first frame; receive, for a second framecomprising a plurality of data cells, second data for the first physicallayer pipe; examining a second control signaling field indicating anindex of a data cell of the second fame corresponding to a first datacell to which of the first physical layer pipe is to be mapped.
 19. Thetransmitter of claim 18, wherein the starting position in the secondframe for the first physical layer pipe is located subsequent to astarting position of a dispersed physical layer pipe in the second fame.20. The transmitter of claim 14, wherein the processor is furtherconfigured to transmit, to a receiving device, the first data and thesecond data.